What requirements must grains, pulses and oilseeds comply with to be allowed on the European market?
As an exporter of grains, pulses and oilseeds you must comply with strict food safety protocols, such as working with HACCP, keeping contaminants and pesticide residues below the permitted limits as well as following specific legislation, such as for novel food and sprouted grains and pulses. Buyers in Europe will avoid any risks and often ask for additional certification and proof of good conduct. Complying with additional and niche standards can help your company stand out from the competition.
Contents of this page
1. What are mandatory requirements?
Maintain food safety: Traceability, hygiene and control
Food safety is a key issue in European food legislation and regulated by the General Food Law. To guarantee food safety and to allow appropriate action in cases of unsafe food, food products must be traceable throughout the entire supply chain and risks of contamination must be reduced as much as possible.
Food operators in Europe are responsible for the safety of the products they sell. This also affects you as a supplier, because you are expected to control your supply chain according to the guidelines of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP).
When you export grains, pulses or oilseeds, your product will be subject to official controls. Products that are considered unsafe will be denied access to the European Union. The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) registers potential hazards and informs other European member states about the measures taken.
Food safety will continue to be a top priority in the grains, pulses and oilseeds trade. Non-compliance can lead to temporary import stops or to stricter control of products from your origin.
Tips:
- Use the Manual on the Application of the HACCP System in Mycotoxin Prevention and Control on the website of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and read more about risk management and food safety in the FAO Food and Nutrition Paper.
- Comply with the general hygiene provisions in the Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 for primary production (Annex I) and for food business operators (Annex II).
- Visit the EU Trade Helpdesk for more information on import rules and taxes in the European Union. Specific product codes can be selected under chapters 0713 (Pulses), 10 (Cereal grains) and 12 (oilseeds).
- Read the key obligations of food and feed business operators on the one-pager of the European Commission.
Comply with the phytosanitary regulation
Some grains and product origins have additional phytosanitary requirements for the export to Europe. For these products you must have an official statement that your product is free from specific diseases or comes from an area where these diseases are not found. For example:
- Wheat, rye, barley and other grains of the genus Triticum and Secale originating in Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa and the United States must be free from Tilletia indica Mitra.
- Maize imported into the European Union needs to be declared officially free from Erwinia stewartii. Practically all seeds of grains, pulses and oilseeds for sowing require a phytosanitary certificate.
Tip:
- Familiarise yourself with Regulation (EU) 2016//2031 on the protective measures against pests of plants, and in particular with the lists of products that require special requirements or phytosanitary certificates for their introduction into the European Union territory in ANNEX VII and ANNEX XI of the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072.
Limit the use of agro-chemicals
The European Union has set maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticides and other chemicals (active substances) in and on food products. Strict compliance with these MRLs are necessary to enter the European market. Products containing illegal pesticides or excessive chemical residues will be withdrawn from the European market.
Note that the MRLs applied by buyers in some countries are often stricter than those specified in European legislation. These stricter requirements are often enforced by large retail chains such as in Germany. Especially in the case of special and healthy food ingredients, European laboratory testing can be rigorous and more precise than in the country of origin. The slightest exceedance can be a reason for the buyer to decline your product.
The approval of all active substances is periodically reviewed. For suppliers of grains, pulses and oilseeds this means the maximum residue limits and legally allowed pesticides are subject to change. For example, there is a growing resistance against the herbicide Glyphosate, and its use and safety will be reviewed again after 2022.
Tips:
- Use the MRL database to identify the MRLs that are relevant for your products. After selecting a product or pesticide, the database shows the list of the maximum allowed residue levels.
- Apply integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce the amount of pesticides. This agricultural pest-control strategy uses natural control practices. The fewer chemicals you use, the better your marketing position will be. The FAO website provides information about IPM.
- Check with your buyers to determine whether they have additional requirements relating to MRLs and pesticide use. Expect your product and product samples to be subject to thorough testing. The laboratory tests in Europe may be more extensive than those in your own country.
Avoid contaminants
Contaminants are substances that have not been intentionally added to food, but which may be present as a result of the various stages during production, packaging, transport or holding. To avoid the negative impact of contamination on the quality of food and the risk to human health, the European Union has set limits for several contaminants such as heavy metals and mycotoxins.
Common microbiological contaminations in grains, pulses and oilseeds are for example aflatoxins in oilseeds or cadmium in wheat or soybean.
Tips:
- Maintain high-quality post-harvest and storage procedures and avoid product rejection due to mould (mycotoxins).
- Find the legal limits of relevant contaminant levels in your product or product group in the ANNEX of Regulation (EC) 1881/2006.
- Check the European Commission’s factsheet on food contaminants ‘Managing food contaminants: how the EU ensures that our food is safe’ and the FAO publication ‘Mycotoxin prevention and control in food grains.
Check if your product is a Novel Food
Products that are new in the European food market, or products that were not widely consumed in the EU prior to 1997, are considered ‘novel foods’ and have specific legislation. Before introducing a new ingredient as a foodstuff, you must provide data and prove it is safe for consumption within its suggested use and apply for an authorisation. Food ingredients that are already approved can be found on the union list of novel foods.
Follow the steps below when introducing a new food into the European Union, but take in mind that an application can be time consuming and expensive due to the scientific proof and technical data that may be requested:
- Check for novel food status: Check with the Novel Food Catalogue and the consultation process on novel food status to see if your product is a novel food, or consult with one of the competent authorities. In earlier consultations, you can see for example that mung bean protein isolate is novel when used in foods and cold-pressed Nigella sativa (black cumin) seed oil is not novel and has no restrictions.
- Check if your product qualifies as a traditional food: Find out if you have substantial evidence of a traditional consumption, because traditional foods from third countries have a simplified assessment procedure. If the safety of the traditional food can be established based on the evidence of a consumption history, and there are no safety concerns raised in the European Union, the traditional food will be allowed to enter the European Union market.
- Collect technical and scientific data: Find out what type of data is required to authorise your novel food in chapter 2 of the guidance document for the authorisation of traditional foods from third countries, or in chapter 2 of the guidance document for the authorisation of a novel food.
- Submit an online application: Use the User Guide for the e-submission system for Novel Foods and make sure the application is in line with the requirements of Article 10 of the new Regulation.
Novel foods that have been allowed on the European market include, for example, chia seeds and fonio. The assessment and authorisation procedure for a novel food can take up to 1.5 years, excluding the data collection you must do yourself.
Tip:
- Read the specifics of the Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 on novel foods when you are working with a novel food.
Comply with additional requirements for seeds for sprouting
After an outbreak of E. coli in 2011, the European Union introduced specific regulations for sprouts and seeds intended for the production of sprouts. The import of sprouts and seeds for sprouting into the European Union must be accompanied by a certificate and be produced by an approved establishment that complies with the general hygiene provisions, traceability and the microbiological criteria.
The sprouting of seeds, such as mung beans, is almost exclusively done within Europe. When you export seeds to sprouting companies, you will have to deal with extra paper work and a higher chance of intensive food safety checks.
Tips:
- Find the model of the official certificate you will need for the export of seeds intended for sprouting in Part XV of the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/628.
- Make sure you understand the European requirements on the general hygiene provisions for primary production (Part A of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 852/2004), product traceability (Regulation (EU) No 208/2013), approved establishments (Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 210/2013) and the microbiological criteria (Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005).
- Use extreme caution and apply the highest safety standards when exporting dried or fresh sprouted grains or pulses, using a HACCP-based food safety system and UV-C disinfection to avoid the risk of salmonella and E. coli.
No GMOs
Only export Non-GMO grains, pulses and oilseeds
The European Union is very cautious towards genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Only a few genetically modified varieties have been authorised for soybeans, rapeseed and maize, and they are used primarily in the animal feed sector. For human consumption, most food businesses choose not to sell genetically modified food at all.
According to World-grain.com 95% of all GM crops grown in the E.U. is genetically modified maize grown in Spain.
Tips:
- Sell only non-GMO products if your product is destined for human consumption. In general, genetically modified crops are not accepted. The exceptions such as maize and soybean can be found in the EU register of authorised GMOs.
- Use the Fact Sheet: Questions and Answers on EU's policies on GMOs to review the current legislation on GMOs in Europe.
Respect marketing standards
Each product has its own characteristics, which are often documented in a marketing standard. The Codex Alimentarius provides standards for several grains and pulses, such as couscous, sorghum grains, rice and whole, shelled or split pulses (beans, lentils, peas, chickpeas, field beans, and cowpeas). These standards cover characteristics such as moisture, purity, grain quality and appearance. Not all products are covered, but this does not mean that buyers of such products operate without a standard.
Tip:
- Ask your buyer for a technical data sheet. This will give you an indication of the product characteristics you have to supply. See as an example the product specifications of organic adzuki beans of the company DO-IT BV.
Use correct labelling
Food placed on the European market must conform to the following legislation on food labelling:
- Generic name and, if applicable, its treatment;
- List of ingredients, including allergens;
- Net quantity;
- Date of minimum durability;
- Special conditions for keeping or use;
- Name and address of the manufacturer, packager or importer;
- Place of origin;
- Lot marking on pre-packaged foodstuffs.
Novel food, organic food and genetically modified food require additional labelling.
Image 1: Business-to-business labelling

Photo made by ICI Business
Image 2: Consumer labelling

Photo made by ICI Business
Tips:
- Make sure that the label mentions all mandatory information, in addition to considering other useful information (e.g. logos of importers or certificates). Read more about labelling and packaging guidelines for foodstuffs in the EU Trade Helpdesk.
- Avoid making health or nutrition claims that are not supported by European legislation. Check with the EU Register of Nutrition and Health claims first.
- Contact Open Trade Gate Sweden if you have specific questions regarding rules and requirements in Sweden and the European Union.
- Make sure that the accompanying documents (e.g. bill of lading) correspond exactly with the food products contained in the consignment, including the indicated volumes, number of pallets and boxes, and information on traceability.
2. What additional requirements do buyers often have?
Certification as a guarantee
Since food safety is a top priority, most buyers are likely to request additional guarantees in the form of certifications. European food businesses are legally required to have a food safety management system based on the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Many buyers in Europe (e.g. traders, food processors, retailers) require the same from you as a foreign supplier.
Food safety management systems and certifications that are recognised by the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) are widely accepted throughout Europe. The following are the most significant certifications:
- GLOBALG.A.P. – a farm standard for good agricultural practices, covering the process from farm input to a non-processed product.
- FSSC 22000 / ISO 22000 – International standard for food safety management. FSSC 22000 is based on ISO 22000 and aimed specifically at food manufacturers. These certifications include HACCP.
- BRC Global Standard (BRCGS) for Food Safety provides technical standards for food safety, consumer products, packaging, storing and distribution, and is a widely accepted standard in Europe.
- IFS International Featured Standards – Safety standard for food processors and packers.
- GMP+ – International standard for feed safety and responsibility throughout the supply chain for animal feed.
The preferred certification schemes can vary between specific markets and buyers. Either way, the pressure of certification has increased on suppliers and will continue to do so.
Tips:
- Implement a food safety management system. Check the FAO Guidelines for the implementation of HACCP.
- Read more on the different Food Safety Management Systems and hygiene standards in the Standards Map, or consult the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI). Different market channels and European regions may have different preferences for particular food safety standards. Check with your buyers to determine which systems they prefer.
Social and environmental practices
Social and environmental practices have become a pre-condition for the export of grains, pulses and oilseeds. This has resulted in a variety of private and collective standards that you must take into account.
Food companies in Europe are increasingly paying attention to their corporate responsibilities with regard to the social and environmental impact of their businesses. This has led a number of supermarket chains and large industrial players to develop their own Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sourcing policies. Smaller buyers have also incorporated social and sustainable practices into their business policies.
The market increasingly desires transparency in food supply chains and supply chain actors are becoming more risk-averse and demanding. How this affects you as a supplier is through the extra proof you must show by filling in forms or signing a code of conduct, declaring you conduct your business in a responsible manner. Most buyers will visit you regularly.
Social compliance is supported by several important initiatives, which buyers often refer to, such as:
- Amfori BSCI (Amfori BSCI code of conduct)
- Sedex Members Ethical Trade Audit (SMETA)
- Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI).
Larger commodities are sometimes part of a specific initiative, such as the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS standard) and the Sustainable Rice Platform (voluntary sustainability standard for rice 2.0). IDH, the sustainable trade initiative has defined targets for a responsible and zero-net-deforestation soy import.
Tips:
- Check the current performance of your company and collect relevant social data by using the amfori BSCI System Manual Part IV and the templates. This will help you focus on specific improvement points and prepare your company for buyers that are amfori BSCI participants.
- Follow the GSCP Environmental Implementation Guidelines on the Consumer goods forum to reduce your environmental impact.
- For a full overview of certification schemes in the sector, consult ITC Sustainability Map.
3. What are the requirements for niche markets?
In addition to the official and common requirements, specific requirements apply to niche markets. Niche markets include organic and fair-trade products. These requirements can be particularly important for specific consumer groups or in the health-food segment.
Organic, a growing niche market
Consumers in Europe increasingly prefer food products that are produced and processed using natural and sustainable methods. Organic certification is often used for food products associated with health benefits. For example, the European market for quinoa has been developed entirely by organic trading companies.
In order to market organic products in the European Union, you must use organic production methods, which are specified in European legislation. You must have used these production methods for at least two years throughout the conversion period before you can certify your grains, pulses or oilseeds as organic.
If you wish to become an organic farmer or exporter, you must be registered and certified through a recognised control body. The control agency or body is responsible for verifying that the operator acts in compliance with organic rules. A yearly inspection and a set of checks make sure that you are complying with the rules on organic production. After being audited by an accredited certifier, you can use the EU organic logo (see image 3 below) on your products, along with the logo of the standard holder.
All organic products imported into the EU must have the appropriate electronic certificate of inspection (e-COI). These are administered through the Trade Control and Expert System (TRACES), often done by your importer. If you do not have an electronic certificate of inspection, your products will not be released from their port of arrival in the European Union.
In 2021, the new organic regulation (EU) 2018/848 will enter into force, together with the new Official Control Regulation. Besides checking the compliance with European rules for imported products, it will also reinforce the controls and enhance possible actions against fraudsters. As a third-country producer, you will have to comply with the same set of rules as those for producers in the European Union.
Image 3: The logo for certified organic products in the European Union in three different colour schemes

Source: European Commission
Tips:
- Assess the market potential for your organic product. Implementing organic production and becoming certified can be expensive. When you decide to become a supplier of organic grains, pulses or oilseeds, read more about organic farming on the European Commission website and look for a certifier on the current list of control bodies active in your country.
- Find importers specialised in organic products through directories such as the International directory of organic food wholesale & supply companies (Organic-bio) or participate in trade fairs for organic products such as Biofach in Germany.
- Get familiar with the current Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and the Regulation (EC) No 1235/2008, which lays down detailed rules for implementation. You should also know what to expect from the new organic regulation (EU) 2018/848 by reading the frequently asked questions about the new organic regulation.
Fair trade and environmental certification
Fair trade and sustainable certification are niche requirements that can help your product stand out from the masses and attract the more conscious consumers. These certification labels are consumer-focused and best applicable to products from smallholder farms. Well-known labels include Fair for Life, Rainforest Alliance and Fairtrade. Fairtrade International introduced a new fair trade standard for cereals in 2016.
Tips:
- Consult the Standards Map database for a list of labels, along with their similarities and differences. Enter your product, country and destination country to find certification schemes that fit your product.
- Find a specialised European buyer who is familiar with sustainable or fair-trade products.
This study has been carried out on behalf of CBI by ICI Business.
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